Effective Communication Methods

Effective Communication Methods Methods of Communications for Internal and Externals Groups Communication is regarded as the process by which individuals send and receive thoughts, ideas as well as feelings in a manner in which the recipient comprehends the message in its intended form. Thus, communication is taken as a two way process where the binding force is assumed to be the feedback loop. Communication can be done verbally or in writing. In most instances, official communications are done in writing because of documentation purposes. On the other hand, most informal communications are done orally. For effective communication to take place, it is important for the communicating parties to make sure that the receiver clearly understands the message and gives a feedback. Failure of the receiver to provide a feedback breaks the communication loop and communication cannot be sustained any longer. However, when the receiver communicates back, the communication is taken as a two way communication which is essential for communication. Communication can be categorized into three main categories. Communication can be classified as verbal communication that entails both spoken and written communication. The second one is non-verbal communication that includes body language and finally communicating through listening.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Communication Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Verbal communication is taken as the process that individual’s use to express their ideas, thoughts or feelings verbally. It is commonly regarded as the spoken language. Individuals use enunciation, words choices, pauses, tone, emphasis and loudness in order to enhance verbal communication. Some examples of verbal communications include: telephone conversations, radio, face-to-face discussions, voicemail, seminars, recorded books as well as videos. Similarly, speakers who use sign languages are also considered to be communicating verbally. In a wider context, verbal communication encompasses written word. Thus, written communications such as letters, books, newspapers, hand written notes, announcements and emails are also taken as examples of verbal communications. The best effective method of verbal communication is face-to-face communication. In face-to-face communication, the receiver gets the relayed message immediately and provides an instant feedback. The method is considered as being highly effective because of its efficiency as well as the ability of the sender to assess the receiver body language (Cherry, 2012). Non –verbal communications accounts for a substantial portion of our day-to-day communications. Some common examples of non-verbal communications include; gestures, facial expressions and handshakes. Deliberate body movements are instrumental in inferring certain meanings. Waving, use of fingers to indicate certain numerical values as well as pointing are some commonly used gestures. Facial expressions accounts for the greatest forms of no-verbal communications. Despite the variation in non-verbal communications across culture, it is noted that facial expressions for happiness, anger, sadness and fear are universal globally (Willey, 2012). Listening which is considered as the third method of communication can be grouped into three types: passive, active and reflective listening. Active listening is the most effective form of listening because apart from the regular listening, the listener encourages the person who shares the information.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Active listening is instrumental in building strong relationships as it expresses genuine interests. In situations where there is a main speaker, passive listening is the best since the speaker does all the speaking and the audience the listening. Reflective l istening is considered as the best form of communication when someone is frustrated, worried, upset or confused. It mainly acknowledges feelings over content (Bennett Hess, 2007). Analyzes of the Methods for the Case Scenario In order to succeed in establishing the required community policing, there must exist effective communications across all stakeholders that are involved in this project. Because of the existing politics in the internal and external groups, it is essential to ensure that appropriate communication methods are adopted. The group that is spearheading this project should ensure that it engages all the internal departments involved in the implementation of the project to an active listening. The managements should listen actively to the challenges they are encountering and encourage them to propose solutions on how the management can help them overcome the problems. Alternatively, the management can request the complaining factions to write a letter that explains th eir reasons of dissatisfaction and give recommendations on the way forward. The management should read the letters and write back to the groups consoling them for the challenges they are encountering and explaining to them on how the management can intervene to assist them. The management can also organize a seminar/ meeting where all the parties involved in the project will meet and have a face-to-face discussion about the project. The management should make sure that it assumes the role of active listening in order to show genuine interest to parties contributing. Similarly, it should use gestures such as nodding the head, smile or frown accordingly to indicate how they are being affected by the information being provided by the parties’ contributing. In addition, the management should engage in reflective listening in instances where the parties contributing are expressing their dissatisfactions, worry and dismay. The management on the other hand should appoint a key speak er who is very conversant with community policing that pertain to drug issues. The speaker should be given the hand written notes of all the issues raised by the represents of the community and departments. The speaker should then conclude the meeting by educating the group about the benefits that both the government departments as well as the community at range will enjoy by implementation of the community policy. In addition, the speaker should address how the management will cater for the worries and frustrations of affected groups (Davidson, 2000).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Communication Methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to have effective communication in the groups involved, the management should adopt various strategies of communications. Because the community concerned is composed of low- income earners, there is a high possibility that most of the residents in the area are not highly educated. Therefore, the managements overseeing the project should organize seminars at religious centers or in surrounding schools and invite appropriate professionals who will educate the community about the benefits of establishing community policies. In addition, the managements should request the professionals invited to prepare booklets that they will be given to those attending the seminar. The booklet should contain detailed information about community policing. It should explain how community policies are established as well as indicate the benefits they bring to affected societies. The booklet will be used to educate the residents who will not get the opportunity to attend the about the benefits of community policies. Best course of action Effective use of communication methods is essential in ensuring successful communications. The management that is overseeing the implementation of the community policing is being faced with its challenges for lack of appropriate communication strategies. Therefore, the management will succeed in its mission by adopting effective communications such as use of seminars, face-to-face discussions, gestures, active, passive and reflective listening as well as ensuring to give feedbacks to sustain the communication loop. Use of booklets should also be used to educate the public about the importance of community policies. Reference List Bennett, W. W. Hess, K. M. (2007). Management and supervision in law enforcement  (5th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Cherry, K. (2012).Types of Nonverbal Communications. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Davidson, M. (2000). Effective Communication Methods. New York: Prentice Hall. Willey, J. (2012). Methods of Communication. Web.

Plus ça Change - French Expression

Plus à §a Change - French Expression Expression: Plus à §a change, plus cest la mà ªme chose Pronunciation: [plu sa sha(n)zh plu say la mem shoz] Meaning: the more things change, the more they stay the same. Literal translation: more it changes, more its the same thing. Register: normal How to Use Plus à §a Change The pessimistic French expression plus à §a change, plus cest la mà ªme chose is very often cut down to just the first clause: plus à §a change... / the more things change... The shortened French expression is often used in English too, particularly British English.In either language, plus à §a change indicates a certain disillusionment or resignation regarding whatever is being talked about. A company makes all kinds of policy changes, for example, but the personnel issues are unaffected. A couple go to marriage counseling, but continue fighting about everything. A new sheriff comes to town, but there is no noticeable impact on crime. New people, new promises, but the same old problems - plus à §a change.... Variations: Plus à §a change, plus cest pareil: The more it changes, the more its the same.Plus à §a change (et) moins à §a change: The more it changes (and) the less it changes

The Hawaiian revolution ( History of the United States ) Essay

The Hawaiian revolution ( History of the United States ) - Essay Example This paper will look at some of the events that led to the Hawaiian Revolution, and what the revolution meant to the people of Hawaii during that period. Being a monarchial state, Hawaii was ruled by a royal family, which ensured the safety and protection of the land. The king, David Kalakaua, got his authority from the people of Hawaii after successfully managing to reduce the power of the missionaries in the region. He ruled but was unsuccessful in completely eliminating the foreign powers in Hawaii, who would later turn against him. This led to the drafting of a new constitution that would limit his authority (Lightner 67). After the death of the king, Liliuokalani, his sister, succeeded him in 1891 and she refused to recognize the constitution in place opting to bring forth another that would give the native Hawaiians the right to vote and restore power to the monarch. It was at this point that the wealthy American class in Hawaii chose to establish the 13-member committee, which would ensure that the queen was overthrown for her treachery against the constitution. The coup took place on January 17, 1893 after the shooting and wounding of a police officer who tried to cease armament meant for the committee. In order to avert violence in the region, the queen opted to surrender peacefully after her palace was surrounded by the committee’s militia. It was at this point that the committee put in place a government that would rule the region and had a president who was given the authority to rule over the dominion. In 1895, however, a group of Hawaiian loyalists who believed in the old ways and traditions started their own coup, but failed in securing the region back to its rightful owners (Fritz 59). In some history books, this has been identified as the counter-revolution, which was brief and the lack of casualties makes it largely forgotten by most people. After its failure, the

Week 3-Sheila Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Week 3-Sheila - Coursework Example They make this move with an aim of increasing the knowledge base the organization is going to rely on when making decisions. However, this technological move comes with the challenge of team members lacking trust in one another. Therefore, the management has to consider some factors in order to create trust in team players (Allison, 2013). The first factor is employing of proper communication tools to be used by the globally distributed worker teams. Such tools should be those which can be used to make long distance communications effectively. They should also be appealing enough so that the team can at least trust the channel used to pass the information. For example the use of videoconferencing is appropriate in instilling trust in team members (Boundless.com, 2014). Commitment among the members is another key factor that determines the trust that globally distributed worker teams will have on each other. Committed team members will ensure they are always ready to participate, and the work they do is perfect. In such a case the team players in different parts of the world will trust the knowledge and work done with their fellows as far as they may be situated (Carmody, 2012). Having common goals as a team is another factor that builds trust in the globally distributed team. The common goals are going to bring the team players together and this is a way of building trust among them. For example, with common goals, members will trust the information brought in by another member since they all believe in satisfying same goals (Chesebro, 2012). Organizational portal is one of the new technologies that improve communication among members of an organization or a team who are far away from each other. The tool is based on the idea of creating many platforms that every member will use to communicate to the rest of the team. the technology behind creating a portal for a team or organization is supported with a

Global Warming Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Essay Every day we go about our own business. Many of us never take the time to look around and see how we are affecting our earth’s atmosphere. Everywhere you look today you are bound to see some factory or machinery polluting our air. Just think how many times you have seen those large semi trucks or big fossil fuel factories emitting thick dark smoke into the atmosphere. We need to come to reality and realize that all that polluting we have been doing over the last half-century is finally catching up to us. It is very easy to detect through scientific research that our earth’s climate is changing, Time magazine reports in its 2004 issue that the earth’s average temperature is increasing at a steady rate. Yes, we all have heard the term â€Å"global warming†, however many people don’t know in depth what global warming is, or how our actions will affect our earth if we don’t respond to the issue. If we can educate ourselves on what global warming is and how it will affect us in the near and far future, we can then begin to change our old habits of polluting and create new habits and goals to living in a much healthier and cleaner environment. During the earliest times, the life-styles of our ancestors were very simple. The air they breathed was clean. The streams were clear and free of harmful organisms. They used natural fertilizers for their agricultural crops. The surroundings were free of household throwaways. Today, there has been a tremendous growth in science and technology. Such advances have brought about changes in terms of new products, improved equipment, and more effective methodologies. Unfortunately, this same technology which made life easier for us produced wastes which are now affecting the quality of our surrounding air, water, and land. Factories and motor vehicles send tons of pollutants into our air. Excessive air pollution poses a danger to our health and environment. It can likewise cause stunted growth and even death to our plants. Out streams are polluted by discharges from industrial plants that use chemicals. Garbage and sink wastes are carelessly thrown in our surroundings. Synthetic fertilizers and insecticides pollute our land and farm products. At the same time, the burning of fossil fuels, particularly coal and oil, produces sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides which are hazardous to the atmosphere. Findings show that a single smokestack may produce as much as 500 tons of sulfur dioxide a day. When these gases combine with oxygen and moisture, sulfuric acid and nitric acid is formed. The rain will carry the acids to the ground (acid rain) which may cause the depletion of calcium and magnesium in the soil, elements needed by plants for the formation of chlorophyll and wood, or it may cause the release of aluminum in the soil, which are poisonous and can kill the roots of trees. How can we take care of our environment? We must undertake measures to preserve our resources and minimize utilization of energy before it’s too late. Our fight against pollution is an initial step toward conserving our environmental resources and energy. We must all join hands for this common goal. Furthermore, of all issues affecting humanity, climate change is the most pervasive and truly global, posing a very real and serious threat to our environment. Climate change is the alteration of the pattern of global climate that may be due to human activity that alters the composition of the atmosphere.

The Homeless in Our Community Essay -- Homelessness In Our Community,

Table of Contents Literature Review — 3 Methodology — 5 Findings — 6 Summary — 8 Works Cited/Works Used — 9 Appendix: Survey Form — 11 LITERATURE REVIEW In this information behavior study, our group examines the everyday information resources, needs, and behaviors of the homeless. Literature research has led us to many key resources. Important literature on our topic includes Everyday Information Needs and Information Sources of Homeless Parents, The Homeless and Information Needs and Services, and Are the economically poor information poor? Does the digital divide affect the homeless and access to information? by Julie Hersberger, and The Impoverished LifeWorld of Outsiders and Framing Social Life in Theory and Research by Elfreda Chatman. The fundamental concepts in the literature show that a study must have a definition of homelessness and information poverty, address the everyday information needs and services of the homeless, identify misconceptions about how the homeless view and use information, and discuss information behaviors and barriers for the homeless. The homeless are a growing population in the United States. As the gap between the wealthy and poor increases, more people find themselves overwhelmed and displaced without a permanent residence, financial stability, or social networks, such as family, friends, and/or public assistance. Generally, homelessness in America is a result of unaffordable housing, family fragmentation, domestic violence, mental illness, health problems, addictions, unemployment, or a combination of several of these issues1 (Hersberger, 2001, p. 119). Research has concluded that homeless â€Å"people in their everyday lives are assessing their information needs in... ....What kinds of everyday information are you interested in encountering here? 23.How useful is what you learn at this place 1) Not Applicable 2) Not Useful 3) Somewhat Useful 4) Very Useful 5) Can’t Do Without 24. Is the information you encounter mostly trivial or good for making important or big decisions? 1) Trivial 2) Big Decision 3) Small Decision 4) All 5) Other 15 25.What would make it easier for you and others to share useful information at this place? 26.What are the drawbacks to getting information at this place? 27.How important is this place as a means to get help for information about everyday life? 1) Most important 2) Somewhat important 3) Not very important 4) Not important 28. What is your next best place for information? 29. Is there anything you’d like to add about what you’ve just told me? 30. Gender 31.Age 32.THANK YOU!

Information Technology security control Essay

There are a number of Information Technology security controls. The three most common are: physical, technical, and administrative controls; however, many organizations break down administrative controls into two separate categories: procedural and legal controls. â€Å"Security controls are the means of enforcing security policies that reflect the organization’s business requirements, † (Johnson). Security controls are implemented to guarantee the information security C-I-A triad. Furthermore, security controls fall into three types of control classifications, they are: preventive, detective and corrective. These classifications are used to specify when a security control applies. Physical Controls are exactly what they sound like, physical obstacles used to prevent or deter access to IS resources. Physical controls can be barriers such as locked doors, requiring some sort of authentication/authorization command to enter, like a cipher lock or keycard. Biometric scanners are also excellent controls to identify and allow access to authorized personnel. Video cameras and closed-circuit television are also examples of physical controls. For organizations requiring extreme security measures, perimeter barriers such as walls or electric fences are used; additionally, security guards fall into the physical controls category. Technical Controls are logical and/or software related controls designed to restrict access to the network infrastructure, components, and data. Controls such as discretionary, mandatory access controls, rule- and role-based access controls, and passwords are all examples of technical controls. Physical controls are used to prevent physical access to the physical components; whereas technical controls are implemented to prevent digital/logical access if physical access is achieved. Some physical hardware can also fall under the technical control category because they contain the software utilized to prevent or allow access to the network; components such as firewalls and routers are examples. Administrative Controls can best be described as the paper-based controls designed to inform personnel who can do what, when, where, why and how. As stated above the administrative controls are sometimes broken down into two separate categories, procedural controls and legal controls. Procedural Controls are an organizations policies and procedures that all employees must follow for each specific circumstance for which they were written. Examples of these include: security awareness and training, incident response plans, and change controls. Some of these procedures will include step-by-step instructions that must be adhered to handle each topic; whereas others will be more general controls that may or may not relate to other policies. Legal Controls are controls that must be in place for organizations to operate. Compliance regulations/laws/standards fall into this category. Examples would include HIPAA and PCI DSS, GLBA, SOX, FERPA and CIPA. Administrative controls also protect the organization, by allowing to inform employees of the punitive measures that can/will happen for non-compliance violations, such as the Acceptable Use Policy.

Ehe characteristics of a person Essay

It is true that the characteristics of a person may determine his or her success in corporate America. But the corporate world operates through the principles of economics: supply, demand and competition. This summarizes how a person’s success in the corporate world as determined by his or her characteristics is also determined by the principles of economics. There is no doubt that corporations exist to do service to others, but most of the time, if not all the time, this is only a secondary aim. Corporations admit it or not, are of course created to bring profit for their owner/s. The purpose of capital is to produce more capital. Corporations are put up to grow an economy. Owners of corporations put up their enterprise with capital gains in mind. While being motivated by sheer altruism is well and good, this may prove to be dangerous for any business and in the long-run to the consumers themselves, without the support of third-parties. Simple economic theories support that businesses, if not motivated by any economic incentives would be ruinous to itself (because it won’t be able to support itself) and to others (because the business wouldn’t be able to provide quality service). Thus, it is only expected that owners of corporations are characterized as being driven, and motivated by self-interest (corporate interest) more than being motivated by service to others. Corporations are viewed in light of an atmosphere of competition. That a company provides quality service is only secondary, done only as a means to further business interests. After all, the corporation is not expected to succeed if it continues to offer poor quality products or services; Demand decreases as consumers flock to rival firms, and they are expected to reduce their prices, therefore reducing their profits. This is the corporate world—full of self-driven individuals, aware of the principle of survival and motivated by economic incentives. Whether one likes it or not, the natural tendency of people to become entangled in the principles of economics propagates a dog-eat-dog world wherein the meek struggles and the ruthless survives. When everyone is expected to be ruthless in the corporate America, how is it possible for someone to succeed if such person himself is not as ruthless or better yet, more ruthless? Such person will be easily crushed. How is someone to succeed if such person is so limited by his averseness to risks? Opportunities and growth unfortunately, do not come without risks. Therefore, a person who is incapable of taking risks and cannot be ruthless when situations call for it cannot be expected to succeed in the business world that apparently requires such characteristics in order to just survive. However, ruthlessness, tough-mindedness and the ability to take risks do not equate to dishonesty, lack of ethics, and unscrupulousness—characteristics of a businessman as portrayed by media. The latter characteristics are not requisites of survival. A person may be both ruthless and tough-minded while still remaining virtuous. In other words, success may come even without being dishonest, unethical or unscrupulous. In fact, the latter characteristics may even lead to the demise of a corporation. People, after all, should not be expected to be incapable of seeing behind any act of unscrupulousness. Once detected, the fall of the business is likely to follow as the law of demand and supply again, takes over.

The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use Free Online Research Papers By Roby Lynn Rice In my attempt to discover if delinquency and drug use, or the sale of drugs were correlated with one another, my research lead to a positive correlation, especially when there was gang membership involved. The theory I have chosen to tie in with my review of the articles I found is the social learning theory of Edwin Sutherland known as differential association theory. According to Britannica online, Sutherland’s differential association theory of delinquent behavior is learned from other persons who are also engaged in delinquent behaviors. Sutherland believes that a person becomes delinquent because of an access amount of exposure to the definitions of criminal behavior and the violation of the law (Britannica 2007). This particular belief is a good theory to use to explain juvenile delinquency. Orcutt (1983) explains that Sutherland states that everyone has social groups which influence each of us in the actions that we chose to engage in according to the norms and values o f that group. An example would be that most of our parents teach us that we should respect and obey the law. However, there are those that some people are associated with inside their social network that influence in negative ways, tempting and leading others into deviant behavior. Such as assuring those within a group that certain drugs should not be criminalized and that the chance of getting caught with them is very slim. With enough pressure and continued exposure to that mindset and behavior pattern, an individual whom has not been engaged in certain illegal behaviors becomes involved with those activities that promote the illegal and delinquent behaviors. The behavior referred to in this paper is the use or selling of drugs and its connection with juvenile delinquency and gangs. According to Orcutt (1983), Sutherland does point out that learning of social norms and values does not come from the mass population but for one’s own intimate connections with family and close peers. Orcutt (1983) also tells us that Sutherland states that the learning process of delinquent behavior is the exact same process as it is for the learning of accepted norms and values. When a child learns through his close peers or family members the definitions and techniques for delinquent behavior, that child is more likely than not to act on his/her acquired knowledge when he/she sees the benefits of delinquent behavior as outweighing the disadvantages. An example of this would be delinquency through gang involvement. A study was conducted in Arizona that used data from the Arizona Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program that supported the hypothesis that current gang members were significantly more likely to use drugs (marijuana and cocaine) as compared with former gang members (Katz, Charles M., Vincent J. Webb and Scott H. Decker 2005). The ADAM program is designed to collect data from recently booked arrestees. This data was collected from two counties in Arizona, Maricopa and Pima Counties. It is important to note that only those juveniles that were detained by the police and held were the subjects of this study and not the juveniles that had been released to parents or other responsible parties (Katz et al.2005). According to Katz et al. (2005), the variable used for this study focused on gender, age, and ethnicity along with prior arrests, drug history of respondent and what the current school status of the respondent w as at the time of the study. The questionnaire included questions on the frequency of drug use that covered a 12 month, 30 day and 3 day period for 13 different types of drugs. The respondents were then asked to provide a urine sample that was calibrated to detect drugs ingested within a 72 hour period (Vishner 1991). After the urinalysis was obtained, the respondents were given another questionnaire about affiliation or participation within gangs. The questions asked pertained to level of gang activity in respondent’s neighborhood, organization and structure of gangs in neighborhood, what the characteristics and composition of the gangs are, gang membership and victimization. In order to determine if the respondent was an actual gang member as opposed to respondents that were members of informal gangs, the respondents was asked to reveal the name of the gang they were a member of. If the respondent did not answer with the name of the gang, that respondent was not considere d an actual gang member and therefore not counted (Katz et. al.). The sample consisted of 939 juvenile arrestees, 81% male and 19% female. Within the sample, 25.7% were 14 years of age or younger, 20.3% were 15 years old and 54% were 16 years old or older (Katz et. al.). Gang affiliation / participation were rather high at 52% of all respondents. The findings show that out of a total number of 451 from the sample size of 939, only 11.1% of the respondents that reported drug use or sale of drugs were not affiliated with any type of gang. Whereas 488, 52% of the sample size of 939 were members of, or affiliated with gangs. Of that 488, more than three-quarters reported using or selling drugs (Katz et. al. 2005) In a study conducted to measure the effects of the background and characteristics offenders, we can see how this study supports Sutherland’s theory. This study shows that background characteristics not only help to explain patterns of offending but also serve as a basis as important predictors of types of offending (Armstrong and Britt 2004). This study looks at many different socialization influences in the life of the offender. I am mainly concerned for the purpose of this paper with the correlation of family or peer influence in the participation of delinquency with the use of drugs. Armstrong and Britt (2004) reports that young people from families that are engaged in delinquent and criminal behavior are more at risk of learning and committing crimes at a younger age than juveniles from families that do not participate in delinquent behavior. This supports Sutherland’s differential theory in that a juvenile will do as others in his/her close social group does. Armst rong and Britt (2004) also point out that if a juvenile has just one friend that is involved in delinquent behavior he/she will be at greater risk of committing a delinquent act. According to Armstrong and Britt (2004) juveniles that are associated with a gang are at greater risk of several delinquent behaviors including but not limited to the use or selling of drugs as compared to non-gang members. One hypothesis within this study suggests that when crime is committed in a group (gang) a greater likelihood of specialization / escalation may occur (Armstrong and Britt 2004). The method used for the collection of data for this study was based on aggregate data using the Forward Specialization Coefficient ( FSC) or individual data comparing across demographic characteristics such as age or gender by using a heterogeneity index (Armstrong and Britt 2004). Juveniles held under the supervision of the California Youth Authority (CYA) in the 1980’s participated in this study. According to Armstrong and Britt (2004) two random samples were used. 2,000 wards released in 1981-82 and 2,000 wards released in 1986-87 from the CYA. The sources used for the gathering of the data were from four areas; Youth Authority electronically stored ward data files, the hardcopy ward master Files of the Youth Authority, the Criminal History files of the California Department of Justice and the California Vital Statistics (Armstrong and Britt 2004). It was found that out of the sample (N=2,294) 43.3% of respondents siblings were involved in criminal activity, 27.3% of respon dents caregivers were involved in criminality, 33.3% of respondents parents had an alcohol/drug problem, 41.9 % of respondents were involved with gangs, 80.4 % of respondents had a chemical or drug problem and 64.7% of respondents had a problem with alcohol according to table 1, Characteristics of the Sample (Armstrong and Britt 2004). This study found that gang association increased the odds that the respondent would be involved in violence, drug and alcohol offenses with the odds ratio of drug offense being increased by approximately 1.38. These finding support the hypothesis that juveniles who are gang members are more likely to be involved in drug related offenses than non-gang members. It also supports Sutherland’s theory of differential association. This study also found that characteristics of individuals that predict any criminal behavior also predict type of criminal behavior. The office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) publishes a bulletin called the Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Within that bulletin I was able to locate data that is relevant to delinquency. With concerns mounting about youth gangs, the OJJDP’s Youth Gang Series address many key issues concerning youth gangs which included but was not limited to youth gang drug trafficking (Howell and Gleason 1999). This study is relevant to juvenile delinquency because it is widely believed that gangs are involved in drug sales which lead to the commission of other crimes. Howell and Gleason (1999) used the responses obtained by the National Youth Gang Center (NYGC) in the 1996 National Youth Gang Survey. According to Howell and Gleason (1999) the sample size of 3,024 police and sheriff’s departments received the survey. 87% of the sample size responded with a total of 53% of the respondents reporting a problem with gangs. Respondents reported that 43% of drug sales were conducted by gang members in their jurisdiction, 57% reported that they had active gangs, and in jurisdictions that included drug gangs 41% of respondents said that more than half (or all) of drug distribution was managed and controlled by gangs (Howell and Gleason 1999). Howell and Gleason (1999) found that the largest age group of gang members was 15-17 years old. It was also found that in areas that respondents reported that gangs did not control drug distribution, 79% of gang members were juveniles, 17 years old or younger. And in areas that reported drug distribution being controlled by gangs, 42% of gang members were 17 or younger and 58% of gang members were 18 and older. Though this study found that when gang members were involved in the sale of drugs, they were also usually involved in the distribution as well and is widespread, according to Howell and Gleason (1999), however, it is central to a very small number of jurisdictions. In conclusion, it is very apparent that the people we are socialized by as children have a huge impact on the behaviors we adopt as individuals according to our learned norms and values. I have also found that while gang drug activity is relegated to a small number of jurisdictions, it does support the hypothesis that juveniles that are associated with gangs are more likely than non-gang members to be involved with the use, selling and distribution of drugs. I have also learned that while a juvenile’s drug activity was apparent as a gang member, which was not usually the case either before joining the gang or after departing from the gang. This again supports Sutherland’s differential association theory that we tend to adopt the norms and values of those we are being socialized with. References Armstrong, Todd A. and Chester L. Britt. 2004. â€Å"The Effect of Offender Characteristics On Offense Specialization And Escalation.† Justice Quarterly 21 (4): 843-876 Howell, James C. and Debra K. Gleason. 1999. â€Å"Youth Gang Drug Trafficking.† Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Retrieved November 15, 2007 (ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1 /ojjdp/178282.pdf) Katz, Charles M., Vincent J. Webb and Scott H. Decker. 2005 â€Å"Using The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program To Further Understand The Relationship Between Drug Use And Gang Membership.† Justice Quarterly 22 (1): 58-88 Orcutt, James D. 1983. â€Å"Analyzing Deviance†. Pp 153-163. Retrieved November 18, 2007 (http://deviance.socprobs.net/Unit_3/Theory/DA.htm) Sutherland, Edwin. 2007. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved November 15, 2007, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: britannica.com/eb/article- 9343984 Vishner,C. 1991. â€Å"A Comparison of Urinalysis Technologies For Drug Testing In Criminal Justice.† Washington DC : National Institute Of Justice, cited in Charles M. Katz, Vincent J. Webb and Scott H. Decker. 2005. â€Å"Using The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program To Further Understand The Relationship Between Drug Use and Gang Membership.† Justice Quarterly 22 (1) 58-88 Research Papers on The Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andStandardized TestingResearch Process Part OneNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThree Concepts of Psychodynamic

Where Do You Get Your Ideas

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Comparison between film and television history styles etc Research Paper

Comparison between film and television history styles etc - Research Paper Example The television technology had its humble and skeptical beginnings, but except for the Internet is the 20th century’s most influential invention, Monaghan argues (1). Even its own inventors may not have imagined the development it has reached today and the further development it could reach in the future. The invention of the television cannot be attributed to a single person but many individuals (Bellis, â€Å"The Invention of Television† 1) whose works and accidental discoveries on optical, mechanical and electronic technologies contributed together in capturing, then transmitting and displaying a visual image (Blackwell 1; "History of Television," par. 2). It was the Briton Joseph May, a young electrical engineer and telegraph operator who in 1873 in Ireland accidentally discovered the photoelectric effect of selenium bars. It was his supervising engineer Willoughby Smith who proposed the idea of creating ‘visual telegraphy’ by exploiting this unique property of crystalline selenium. (Parsons 23) It was the German physicist Eugen Goldstein in his own investigation of discharge tubes in 1876 who produced light by forcing an electric current through a vacuum tube. This emitted light he called the ‘cathode rays’. (Blackwell 1) In 1897, the German scie ntist Karl Ferdinand Braun invented the ‘cathode ray tube’ (Peters 5). It was the development of the cathode ray tube, more popularly known as ‘picture tube’ and found even in LCDs (liquid crystal display) today, that had become the basis of the development of the electronic television (Bellis, â€Å"Television History† 1). It was the American George Carey who in 1875 drew a plan of a complete TV system – a selenium camera. It was however undetermined whether he was able to build it or not. (Ritcher 6) It was the German inventor Paul Nipkow who in 1884 drew a plan for a rotating

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Strategies for Management Improvement - Essay Example These are what to sell and whom to sell (Stone, 2001). It is entirely related to the markets and products. In this matrix, there are four quadrants that represent four courses of action that could be considered while making any strategic decisions regarding the growth of the organization. The matrix is shown below. In this growth strategy, existing products of the organization are sold in the existing markets. There are four major objectives that could be achieved by adopting market penetration strategy. These are increasing or maintaining the current market share of the existing products, securing dominance in the growth markets, restructuring a grown-up market and finally increasing the usage of the existing products by the existing customers. Increasing or maintaining the current market share of the existing products: this objective could be attained by adopting more competitive strategies regarding pricing, advertising. Putting in more resources into personal selling might also be helpful in achieving this objective. Restructuring a grown-up market: Any mature or grown up market could be restructured by driving out the competitors. Innovative pricing strategies need to be designed so that the competitors consider the market as an unattractive one. Again extensive promotional campaign would work as a catalyst in the process. In the ‘market development’ growth strategy existing products are sold into new markets. Implementation of this strategy would include selling products in new geographical locations, establishing or finding new distribution channels and designing innovative pricing policies. One of the most effective growth strategies is introducing new products in the existing markets where the organization already has its presence. New competencies are required to develop in order to adopt this strategy. Organizations can either develop entirely new products or simply modify the existing products in order to get the attention of the customers in the existing markets.